How was the first computer program developed and how was it coded? What is the smartest way to get from an idea for a computer program to the first draft of its. First computer program developed to dtect DNA mutations in single cancer cells. My Veooz; Top Stories; Local; USA; World; News; Entertainment. First computer program developed to dtect DNA mutations in. In the modern computer that John von Neumann outlined in 1945. In computing, a program is a specific set of ordered operations for a computer to perform. In the modern computer that John von Neumann outlined in 1945. Computer programming - Wikipedia. Computer programming (often shortened to programming) is a process that leads from an original formulation of a computing problem to executablecomputer programs. Programming involves activities such as analysis, developing understanding, generating algorithms, verification of requirements of algorithms including their correctness and resources consumption, and implementation (commonly referred to as coding. Source code is written in one or more programming languages. The purpose of programming is to find a sequence of instructions that will automate performing a specific task or solving a given problem.
The process of programming thus often requires expertise in many different subjects, including knowledge of the application domain, specialized algorithms and formal logic. Related tasks include testing, debugging, and maintaining the source code, implementation of the build system, and management of derived artifacts such as machine code of computer programs. These might be considered part of the programming process, but often the term software development is used for this larger process with the term programming, implementation, or coding reserved for the actual writing of source code. Software engineering combines engineering techniques with software development practices. How Is A Computer Program Developed By CongressOverview. The discipline differs from many other technical professions in that programmers, in general, do not need to be licensed or pass any standardized (or governmentally regulated) certification tests in order to call themselves . In most cases, the discipline is self- governed by the entities which require the programming, and sometimes very strict environments are defined (e. United States Air Force use of Ada. Core and security clearance). However, representing oneself as a . Different language patterns yield different patterns of thought. This idea challenges the possibility of representing the world perfectly with language, because it acknowledges that the mechanisms of any language condition the thoughts of its speaker community. History. The only mechanical device that existed for numerical computation at the beginning of human history was the abacus, invented in Sumeria circa 2. BC. Later, the Antikythera mechanism, invented some time around 1. Introduction to Computer Information Systems/Program Development. An approach to program design in which different functions are clearly separated so program components can be developed and. Introduction to Computer. Computer learns how to teach lessons . BC in ancient Greece, is the first known mechanical calculator utilizing gears of various sizes and configuration to perform calculations. One system employed in these devices was the use of pegs and cams placed into a wooden drum at specific locations, which would sequentially trigger levers that in turn operated percussion instruments. The output of this device was a small drummer playing various rhythms and drum patterns. The hole pattern represented the pattern that the loom had to follow in weaving cloth. The loom could produce entirely different weaves using different sets of cards. Charles Babbage adopted the use of punched cards around 1. Analytical Engine. Mathematician Ada Lovelace, a friend of Babbage, between 1. Italian military engineer Luigi Menabrea on the engine. These notes include an algorithm to calculate a sequence of Bernoulli numbers. Despite controversy over scope of her contribution, many consider this algorithm to be the first computer program. Prior uses of machine readable media, above, had been for lists of instructions (not data) to drive programmed machines such as Jacquard looms and mechanized musical instruments. In 1. 89. 6 he founded the Tabulating Machine Company (which later became the core of IBM). The addition of a control panel (plugboard) to his 1. Type I Tabulator allowed it to do different jobs without having to be physically rebuilt. By the late 1. 94. IBM 6. 02 and IBM 6. The invention of the von Neumann architecture allowed computer programs to be stored in computer memory. Early programs had to be painstakingly crafted using the instructions (elementary operations) of the particular machine, often in binary notation. Every model of computer would likely use different instructions (machine language) to do the same task. Later, assembly languages were developed that let the programmer specify each instruction in a text format, entering abbreviations for each operation code instead of a number and specifying addresses in symbolic form (e. ADD X, TOTAL). Entering a program in assembly language is usually more convenient, faster, and less prone to human error than using machine language, but because an assembly language is little more than a different notation for a machine language, any two machines with different instruction sets also have different assembly languages. The synthesis of numerical calculation, predetermined operation and output, along with a way to organize and input instructions in a manner relatively easy for humans to conceive and produce, led to the modern development of computer programming. In 1. 95. 4, FORTRAN was invented; it was the first widely used high level programming language to have a functional implementation, as opposed to just a design on paper. The program text, or source, is converted into machine instructions using a special program called a compiler, which translates the FORTRAN program into machine language. In fact, the name FORTRAN stands for . Many other languages were developed, including some for commercial programming, such as COBOL. Programs were mostly still entered using punched cards or paper tape. By the late 1. 96. Text editors were developed that allowed changes and corrections to be made much more easily than with punched cards. Popular programming languages of the modern era include Action. Script, C, C++, C#, Haskell, Java, Java. Script, Objective- C, Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby, Smalltalk, SQL, Visual Basic, and dozens more. These increasingly abstracted languages are typically easier to learn and allow the programmer to develop applications much more efficiently and with less source code. However, high- level languages are still impractical for a few programs, such as those where low- level hardware control is necessary or where maximum processing speed is vital. Computer programming has become a popular career in the developed world, particularly in the United States, Europe, and Japan. Due to the high labor cost of programmers in these countries, some forms of programming have been increasingly subject to outsourcing (importing software and services from other countries, usually at a lower wage), making programming career decisions in developed countries more complicated, while increasing economic opportunities for programmers in less developed areas, particularly China and India. Modern programming. The following properties are among the most important: Reliability: how often the results of a program are correct. This depends on conceptual correctness of algorithms, and minimization of programming mistakes, such as mistakes in resource management (e. Robustness: how well a program anticipates problems due to errors (not bugs). This includes situations such as incorrect, inappropriate or corrupt data, unavailability of needed resources such as memory, operating system services and network connections, user error, and unexpected power outages. Usability: the ergonomics of a program: the ease with which a person can use the program for its intended purpose or in some cases even unanticipated purposes. Such issues can make or break its success even regardless of other issues. This involves a wide range of textual, graphical and sometimes hardware elements that improve the clarity, intuitiveness, cohesiveness and completeness of a program's user interface. Portability: the range of computer hardware and operating system platforms on which the source code of a program can be compiled/interpreted and run. This depends on differences in the programming facilities provided by the different platforms, including hardware and operating system resources, expected behavior of the hardware and operating system, and availability of platform specific compilers (and sometimes libraries) for the language of the source code. Maintainability: the ease with which a program can be modified by its present or future developers in order to make improvements or customizations, fix bugs and security holes, or adapt it to new environments. This quality may not be directly apparent to the end user but it can significantly affect the fate of a program over the long term. Efficiency/performance: Measure of system resources a program consumes (processor time, memory space, slow devices such as disks, network bandwidth and to some extent even user interaction): the less, the better. This also includes careful management of resources, for example cleaning up temporary files and eliminating memory leaks. Readability of source code. It affects the aspects of quality above, including portability, usability and most importantly maintainability. Readability is important because programmers spend the majority of their time reading, trying to understand and modifying existing source code, rather than writing new source code. Unreadable code often leads to bugs, inefficiencies, and duplicated code. However, readability is more than just programming style. Many factors, having little or nothing to do with the ability of the computer to efficiently compile and execute the code, contribute to readability. Techniques like Code refactoring can enhance readability. Algorithmic complexity. For this purpose, algorithms are classified into orders using so- called Big O notation, which expresses resource use, such as execution time or memory consumption, in terms of the size of an input. Expert programmers are familiar with a variety of well- established algorithms and their respective complexities and use this knowledge to choose algorithms that are best suited to the circumstances. Methodologies. There exist a lot of differing approaches for each of those tasks. One approach popular for requirements analysis is Use Case analysis.
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